华北煤炭医学院科技楼供暖节能改造工程分析

介绍了华北煤炭医学院科技楼供暖系统节能试点改造工程，通过对科技楼供暖系统进行测试及数据分析，提出了相应的节能建议及节能措施，结合节能改造后取得的效果，指出其具有可观的经济效益，如全院推广，可节省大量资金。     

Postharvest Hardness and Color Evolution of White Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

ABSTRACT: The quality evaluation of mushrooms was studied by storing fresh white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) for 6 to 8 d, at various controlled temperature conditions (3.5 to 15 °C) and measuring the instrumental textural hardness and color of the mushroom cap for different product batches. A nonlinear mixed effect Weibull model was used to describe mushroom cap texture and color kinetics during storage considering the batch variability into account. Storage temperature was found to play a significant role in controlling texture and color degradation. On lowering storage temperature (i) the extent of the final browning extent in the mushroom after storage was reduced and (ii) the rate textural hardness losses was slowed down. A linear dependence of the final browning index with temperature was found. An Arrhenius type relationship was found to exist between the temperature of storage and storage time with respect to textural hardness. The average batch energy of activation was calculated to be 207 ± 42kJ/mol in a temperature range of 3.5 to 20 °C. Practical Application: This article evaluates how temperature abuse affects mushroom texture and color, applying methods that allow for the consideration of the natural product variability that is inherent in mushrooms. Its results apply to mushroom producers, retail distribution, and supermarkets for effective storage management.     

Prediction of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation based on non-linear analysis and spectrum and bispectrum features of the heart rate variability signal

In this paper, an effective paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) prediction algorithm is presented, which is based on analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) signal. The proposed method consists of a preprocessing step for QRS detection and HRV signal extraction. In the next step, several features which can be used as markers for the prediction of PAF are extracted from the HRV signal. These features consist of spectrum features, bispectrum features, and non-linear features including sample entropy and Poincaré plot-extracted features. The spectrum features are able to discriminate the sympathetic and parasympathetic contents of the HRV signal, which are affected before PAF attacks. The bispectrum features are used in order to reveal information not presented on the spectral domain, and to detect quadratic phase coupled harmonics arising from non-linearities of the HRV signal. Moreover, the non-linear analysis can map the heart rate irregularities in the feature space and it leads to better understanding of the system dynamics before PAF attacks. In the final step, a support vector machine (SVM)-based classifier has been used for PAF prediction. The performance of the proposed method in prediction of PAF episodes was evaluated using the Atrial Fibrillation Prediction Database (AFPDB). The obtained sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictivity were 96.30%, 93.10%, and 92.86%, respectively. The proposed methodology presents better results than the other existing approaches. The other important advantage of the proposed method when compared to the other approaches is that we do not need the both records of a subject to specify which episode preceding PAF events.     

A roadmap to carbon-lean steel

The steel industry has come a long way in increasing its energy efficiency.In Europe the carbon intensity of steelmaking over the last 40 years was decreased by a factor 2.The potential for further improvements is now becoming less obvious as blast furnace operations are approaching the thermodynamical lower limit of hot metal production.To take on the climate change challenge and be able to respond to the expectation for strong reduction of carbon emissions,ArcelorMittal（AM） has developed a two step approach: （1） In a first instance given the modest remaining potential for incremental improvements precise benchmark tools were developed.This allowed identifying the top runners and determining the remaining potential for improvement.Plans were developed to bridge the gap with this achievable performance.In total a plan was devised with more than 400 identified actions throughout the group.This action plan will allow achieving a further 8% increase of CO₂ efficiency by 2020. （2 ） Secondly,already in 2002 AM engaged in the development of breakthrough technologies to further drastically reduce the carbon intensity of steelmaking.After screening a large number of candidates a few were selected for further development.A first breakthrough technology which is the most advanced stage of development can be applied to existing blast furnace and is reaching maturity and a demonstration on industrial scale of this technology is under preparation.In itself this technology will decrease the dependency on carbon as well as increase the productivity of the original blast furnaces.Real big gains can be made if this technology can be combined with underground carbon storage. In the AM roadmap the impact of raw materials（DRI,scrap） was excluded.In the longer run however the attention will have to turn to the overall footprint of materials and the long term consequences of the choice of materials.Increasing the recovery while preserving the quality of used steel products will leverage greatly the efforts done in the production of primary and secondary steel and power.     

Performance evaluation of passive cooling in office buildings based on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis

Natural night ventilation is an interesting passive cooling method in moderate climates. Driven by wind and stack generated pressures, it cools down the exposed building structure at night, in which the heat of the previous day is accumulated. The performance of natural night ventilation highly depends on the external weather conditions and especially on the outdoor temperature. An increase of this outdoor temperature is noticed over the last century and the IPCC predicts an additional rise to the end of this century. A methodology is needed to evaluate the reliable operation of the indoor climate of buildings in case of warmer and uncertain summer conditions. The uncertainty on the climate and on other design data can be very important in the decision process of a building project.The aim of this research is to develop a methodology to predict the performance of natural night ventilation using building energy simulation taking into account the uncertainties in the input. The performance evaluation of natural night ventilation is based on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.The results of the uncertainty analysis showed that thermal comfort in a single office cooled with single-sided night ventilation had the largest uncertainty. The uncertainties on thermal comfort in case of passive stack and cross ventilation were substantially smaller. However, since wind, as the main driving force for cross ventilation, is highly variable, the cross ventilation strategy required larger louvre areas than the stack ventilation strategy to achieve a similar performance. The differences in uncertainty between the orientations were small.Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the most dominant set of input parameters causing the uncertainty on thermal comfort. The internal heat gains, solar heat gain coefficient of the sunblinds, internal convective heat transfer coefficient, thermophysical properties related to thermal mass, set-point temperatures controlling the natural night ventilation, the discharge coefficient C_d of the night ventilation opening and the wind pressure coefficients C_p were identified to have the largest impact on the uncertainty of thermal comfort.The impact of the warming climate on the uncertainty of thermal comfort was determined. The uncertainty on thermal comfort appeared to increase significantly when a weather data set with recurrence time of 10 years (warm weather) was applied in the transient simulations in stead of a standard weather data set. Natural night ventilation, designed for normal weather conditions, was clearly not able to ensure a high probability of good thermal comfort in warm weather. To ensure a high probability of good thermal comfort and to reduce the performance uncertainty in a warming climate, natural night ventilation has to be combined with additional measures. Different measures were analysed, based on the results of the sensitivity analysis. All the measures were shown to significantly decrease the uncertainty of thermal comfort in warm weather. The study showed the importance to carry out simulations with a warm weather data set together with the analysis under typical conditions. This approach allows to gain a better understanding of the performance of a natural night ventilation design, and to optimize the design to a robust solution.     

Contextualizing emotional exhaustion and positive emotional display: The signaling effects of supervisors’ emotional exhaustion and service climate.

In this study, we investigated how supervisors’ emotional exhaustion and service climate jointly influence the relationship between subordinates’ emotional exhaustion and their display of positive emotions at work. Using data from frontline sales employees and their immediate supervisors in a fashion retailer, we hypothesized and found that under the condition of a less positive service climate, subordinates’ emotional exhaustion was more negatively related to their positive emotional display when supervisors’ emotional exhaustion was higher rather than lower; this interaction effect of subordinates’ and supervisors’ emotional exhaustion was not significant in a more positive service climate. These results suggest that service climate and supervisors’ emotional exhaustion provide emotionally exhausted employees with important information cues about the possible availability of compensatory resources they need to uphold their efforts to display service-focused emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

雪冰孢粉记录研究进展

孢粉作为一种可靠的代用指标,能够反映不同时间尺度古气候和古环境的变化信息。雪冰孢粉研究以雪冰中的植物花粉和孢子为研究对象,结合雪冰研究的特性和孢粉研究的优势,为气候重建提供了一种新的手段。雪冰孢粉是古植被的直接反映,可用于重建湿度、温度和人类活动。归纳了雪冰孢粉的古环境意义,总结了雪冰孢粉研究的空间分布状况,概述了雪冰孢粉记录的研究进展。现阶段雪冰孢粉研究在源区与传播特征、季节变化特征、辅助雪冰定年和古气候重建等方面均取得了良好的进展。北极地区有区域性的雪冰孢粉现代过程研究工作,而山地地区研究主要关注单个冰帽,并有若干学者在孢粉重建古温度以及孢粉重建古湿度等方面进行了定量化尝试。目前研究表明,雪冰孢粉对湿度变化的响应较为敏感,并且在温度重建方面具有极大潜力。特别在青藏高原,藜科、蒿属、禾本科以及莎草科花粉的百分比变化能够较客观地反映湿度变化信息。此外,雪冰孢粉记录的草原、草甸和荒漠植被类型的转变能够提供温度和湿度变化信息。但是,这些孢粉指标均具有一定的局限性,且其古环境指示意义研究也并不深入。青藏高原雪冰孢粉现代过程和古气候重建等应是未来值得关注的研究内容之一。     

A Non‐Gaussian Spatio‐Temporal Model for Daily Wind Speeds Based on a Multi‐Variate Skew‐t Distribution

Facing increasing domestic energy consumption from population growth and industrialization, Saudi Arabia is aiming to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and to broaden its energy mix by expanding investment in renewable energy sources, including wind energy. A preliminary task in the development of wind energy infrastructure is the assessment of wind energy potential, a key aspect of which is the characterization of its spatio‐temporal behavior. In this study we examine the impact of internal climate variability on seasonal wind power density fluctuations over Saudi Arabia using 30 simulations from the Large Ensemble Project (LENS) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Furthermore, a spatio‐temporal model for daily wind speed is proposed with neighbor‐based cross‐temporal dependence, and a multi‐variate skew‐t distribution to capture the spatial patterns of higher‐order moments. The model can be used to generate synthetic time series over the entire spatial domain that adequately reproduce the internal variability of the LENS dataset.     

Effect of building interface form on thermal comfort in gymnasiums in hot and humid climates

The thermal environment and thermal comfort of a building are greatly affected by the design of the building interface form. Most contemporary architectural designs consider only the relations between architectural form and architectural beauty. Few studies on the correlation of architectural form and thermal comfort address the influence of architectural form on thermal comfort and thermal environment. These studies are particularly important for gymnasium architectures located in hot and humid areas, which have high requirements for thermal comfort. This paper presents an experimental investigation and an analysis of the effect of the building interface form of gymnasiums on thermal comfort in hot and humid subtropical regions durings ummer. Results showed that the influence of the top interface forms on thermal comfort is mainly dominated by the mean radiant temperature, which could be controlled to improve thermal comfort. The influence of side interface forms on thermal comfort is mainly dominated by air velocity, and thermal comfort could be improved by promoting natural ventilation on the side interface form design to reduce indoor heat. This research enhanced our understanding of the relation between the interface form and the thermal comfort of gymnasiums. In addition, this paper provides a theoretical reference for the sustainable design of gymnasiums in hot and humid climates.